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Weather and climate effects on Lyme disease exposure
Lyme disease is spread to humans through the bite of infected ticks. The tick population is affected by weather and climate. Many factors determine tick population densities as well as diseased population densities of ticks so that no single factor can determine likelihood of exposure to tick-borne disease.〔Ginsberg, Howard S., Eric L. Rulison, Lorenza Beati, Russell Burke, Graham J. Hickling, Kaetlyn Kerr, Isis Kuczaj, Roger A. LeBrun, Genevieve Pang, Cathy Scott, and Jean I. Tsao. Effects of Environmental Variables on Abundance and Phenology of Immature Ixodes Scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae). http://www.nps.gov/caco/naturescience/upload/Ginsberg_Poster.pdf. National Park Service. Web. 30 Nov. 2011.〕 Overall climate〔Frans Jongejan, Frans. "Ticks, Diseases and Climate Change". http://www.rtcc.org/2007/html/res_edu_uou.html. Utrecht Centre for Tick-borne Diseases. 2007. Retrieved 2011-11-28.〕 and primary host population〔N.L. Breisch, N.L. and Thorne, B.L.. "Lyme Disease and the Deer Tick in Maryland". Maryland Cooperative Extension Fact Sheet 595. http://extension.umd.edu/publications/pdfs/fs595.pdf. 2001. Retrieved 2011-11-30.〕 determines the localities where ticks will thrive. However, studies have been conducted which correlate ticks population to climate change and their behavior to weather patterns. Ticks are a parasite, which carry a myriad of infectious diseases that depend on the species of ticks.〔"Ticks : Environmental Health : NYC DOHMH." New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/ehs/ehstick.shtml. 2011. Web. 30 Nov. 2011.〕 Overall climate is more determinate of ticks population and daily weather has a subtle effect on the spread of ticks borne disease. Being mindful of daily weather patterns and vigilantly avoiding ticks exposure reduces human exposure to Lyme disease.〔"Ticks | Health Department | City of Alexandria, VA." City of Alexandria, Virginia. http://alexandriava.gov/health/info/default.aspx?id=27984. City of Alexandria Health Department, 28 June 2011. Web. 30 Nov. 2011.〕
==Tick entomology==
After the larvae have fed, they drop off the host and molt to nymphs. The nymphs then overwinter and their activity almost completely ceases until late spring. They emerge the following year in May, June, and July. This emergence is just before the new generation of larvae hatch, allowing the nymphs to transmit tick-born disease to new generations of hosts. This increases the possibility that the next generation of larvae will also become infected. Nymphs usually attach and feed on small mammals and birds. After feeding, nymphs drop off and molt to adults that will reappear in the fall of the same year. Adults seek medium to large mammalian hosts, primarily deer. Once adulthood is reached, ticks no longer hibernate during the winter and may become active on warm winter days.〔Stafford III, Kirby C. "Tick Management Handbook." Maine Medical Center Research Institute. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 2007. http://www.ct.gov/caes/lib/caes/documents/publications/bulletins/b1010.pdf. Web. 10 Dec. 2011.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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